Step 1 Content | Gross Anatomy

General Anatomy

- Anatomical planes and directional terms - Surface landmarks and body regions - Fascia, compartments, and spaces - Types of joints and movements

- Referred pain patterns - Compartment syndrome - Hernias (inguinal, femoral, umbilical)

Hematopoietic & Lymphoreticular

- Bone marrow (red vs. yellow) - Lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils) - Circulatory and lymphatic pathways

- Splenomegaly (portal hypertension, infections) - Lymphadenopathy (infectious, malignant) - Lymphedema (lymphatic obstruction, post-surgical)

Central & Peripheral Nervous

- Brain divisions (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) - Spinal cord (gray vs. white matter, nerve roots) - Cranial nerves and their pathways - Peripheral nervous system (plexuses, autonomic nerves)

- Herniated intervertebral disc (nerve root compression) - Stroke syndromes (middle cerebral artery, basilar artery) - Sciatic nerve injury - Bell’s palsy (facial nerve dysfunction)

Skin & Connective Tissue

- Layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) - Sensory receptors and dermatomes - Connective tissue types (loose, dense, specialized)

- Burns (degrees, extent, fluid loss) - Wound healing and scar formation - Pressure ulcers (bedsores)

Musculoskeletal

- Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) - Appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs) - Joint types (synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous) - Major muscle groups and innervation

- Fractures (types, healing process) - Rotator cuff injuries - Carpal tunnel syndrome - ACL tears and knee injuries

Respiratory

- Upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx) - Lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, lungs) - Pleural membranes and cavities - Diaphragm and accessory muscles of respiration

- Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) - Pulmonary embolism (vascular blockage) - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Aspiration pneumonia (right main bronchus)

Cardiovascular

- Heart chambers, valves, and conduction system - Great vessels (aorta, venae cavae, pulmonary arteries/veins) - Coronary circulation - Systemic vs. pulmonary circulation

- Myocardial infarction (coronary artery occlusion) - Aortic aneurysm and dissection - Congenital heart defects (ASD, VSD, Tetralogy of Fallot) - Varicose veins and venous insufficiency

Gastrointestinal

- Alimentary canal (esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum) - Accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas) - Peritoneal structures (omentum, mesentery) - Blood supply to the GI tract (celiac trunk, mesenteric arteries)

- Peptic ulcer disease (stomach, duodenum) - Appendicitis (McBurney’s point tenderness) - Gallstones and cholecystitis - Bowel obstruction and volvulus

Renal/Urinary

- Kidneys (cortex, medulla, renal pelvis) - Ureters, bladder, and urethra - Renal vasculature and nephron structure

- Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) - Hydronephrosis (urinary obstruction) - Urinary tract infections (cystitis, pyelonephritis) - Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Reproductive

- Male reproductive anatomy (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis) - Female reproductive anatomy (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina) - Pelvic floor muscles and perineum - Breast anatomy (lobules, ducts)

- Ectopic pregnancy - Ovarian and testicular torsion - Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) - Prostate cancer screening

Endocrine

- Hypothalamus and pituitary gland - Thyroid and parathyroid glands - Adrenal glands (cortex, medulla) - Pancreatic islets (insulin-producing cells)

- Thyroid nodules and goiter - Diabetes mellitus complications - Adrenal tumors (pheochromocytoma) - Pituitary adenomas (hormonal effects)